Understanding Quantum Technologies 2025 Part 2

Understanding Quantum Technologies 2025 is the 8th update of a creative-commons ebook that provides a 360 degrees overview of quantum technologies from science and technology to geopolitical and societal issues. It covers quantum physics history, quantum physics 101, gate-based quantum computing, quantum computing engineering (including quantum error corrections and quantum computing energetics), quantum computing hardware (all qubit types, including quantum annealing and quantum simulation paradigms, history, science, research, implementation and vendors), quantum enabling technologies (cryogenics, control electronics, photonics, components fabs and manufacturing process, raw materials), unconventional computing (potential alternatives to quantum and classical computing), quantum computing algorithms, software development tools, resource estimate and benchmark tools, and application use cases, quantum communications and cryptography (including QKD, PQC and QPU interconnect technologies), quantum sensing, quantum technologies around the world, quantum technologies societal impact and even quantum fake sciences. The main audience are computer science engineers, developers and IT specialists as well as quantum scientists and students who want to acquire a global view of how quantum technologies work, and particularly quantum computing. This version is an update to the 2024, 2023, 2022 and 2021 editions published respectively in October 2024, 2023, 2022 and 2021. An update log is provided at the end of the book.This is part 2 of the book that is split into 5 parts. This part “quantum hardware" covers the different types of qubit technologies and their vendors, enabling technologies (cryogenics, electronics, photonics, manufacturing, materials) and unconventional computing technologies that may someday compete with quantum computers. Read more